![]() Overall, there was no significant difference between sexes in degree of site–site repertoire overlap. ![]() For the few types shared between sites, sharing decreased with distance only for males. Despite diverse syllable repertoires within sites, few syllable types were shared between sites (both sexes had highly distinct site-specific dialects). Furthermore, male and female syllable types can be statistically discriminated based on acoustic properties. We show that males and females-both with complex songs-have distinct song cultures, sharing only 6–26% of syllable types within each site. Having classified 20,700 syllables (702 types), we compare population syllable repertoire sizes and overlap between sites and sexes. Here we undertake one of the first comparisons of male and female song cultures across a songbird metapopulation-studying New Zealand bellbirds Anthornis melanura spanning a network of six islands. Vocal cultures have been well-studied in male songbirds but have been largely overlooked in females. This leads to a diversification of the syllable pool across the species, much like the diversification and spatial patterns of human language. The vocal culture of a songbird population changes as new song units (syllables) are introduced through immigration, copying errors, and innovation, while other syllables fall out of use. ![]() Songbirds learn their songs culturally, through imitating tutors.
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